Background: Menopause is one of the most important stages in women's lives. Today, menopause is an important phenomenon due to the increase in life expectancy, the number of postmenopausal women is expected to reach 1.2 billion by 2030. It is important for women to live healthy in these years as in the reproductive years. One of the main psychological needs of humans is happiness. According to studies, happiness decreases during menopause. As a result, considering the importance of the topic, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors affecting happiness in menopausal women. Methods: In order to compile this review article, searching for articles using the keywords happiness, menopause, middle-aged women, alone and in combination with AND and OR operators in databases ,such as PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, ProQuest, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar search engine without time limit. At first, 125 articles were found. The inclusion criteria were all studies that had investigated the factors affecting happiness. The reviewed studies included clinical trials, cohort and cross-sectional, and finally the data of 29 articles were used. Results: The results of this study led to the classification of factors affecting the happiness of postmenopausal women into five general categories. The first category includes physical factors (including the absence of: vasomotor symptoms, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, osteoporosis, psychosomatic disorders and having a favorable condition. health). The second category includes psychological factors (including the absence of depression and anxiety, having a positive attitude towards menopause, optimism, self-esteem and resilience). The third category includes social factors such as (social support of family and friends, effective communication with colleagues). The fourth category is economic factors (including job changes, favorable income level and the absence of financial crises). The fifth category includes lifestyle (being non-smoker, having physical activity and regular exercise, marital satisfaction, stress management skills and herbal drugs) of menopausal women. Conclusion: In order to improve the happiness of menopausal women, all physical, psychological, social, economic and lifestyle factors are important and should be considered in national planning and policies to improve the health of menopausal women.

Background: Alkaptonuria (AKU) or ochronosis is a rare progressive degenerative arthropathy that results from deficiency of enzyme homogentisate 1, 2 dioxygenase (HGD). The features include arthritis of the spine and in larger peripheral joints, with chondrocalcinosis. In this paper, we present a case of alkaptonuria in a 54 year old woman in Tehran, Iran.Case Presentation: A 54 year old woman with pain and limitation of motion in hip and lumbar spine was admitted in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran. The problem began about 12 years ago with a history of darkening of urine and discoloration of sclera and ears. In imaging studies, there were degenerative changes in spine. In urine examination, the darkening of urine after exposure to air or bicarbonate found. Alkaptouria was confirmed by demonstrating an increased homogentisic acid (HGA) in urine. Her sister had back pain for a long period of time without response to therapy. She was subsequently diagnosed with alkaptonuria.Conclusion: Alkaptonuria must be considered in the evaluation of low back pain of patients especially with having a positive family history and bluish discoloration of cartilage tissues.

In Persian, like many other languages, there are three voices, passive, active and middle. In Persian, middle voice, like passive voice, is a structure consisting of a one-place predicate. Middle verbs are morphologically active and semantically passive. The purpose of this article is to describe the properties of middle construction in Persian and to explore the derivation of middle as a transitive structure within the framework of the latest version of Generative Grammar.

Introduction: With regard to the admission of Hijab as one of the most important and fundamental principles of Islam for women, and its role in intellectual, political, and social independence, this study was conducted aiming at comparing the attitudes of young and middle aged people toward the superior Hijab. Method: This study is a cross-sectional survey; statistical population was 823 young and middle aged individuals who referred to the medical centers of one of the medical science universities of Tehran in 2005. The data was collected with the researcher’s prepared questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 15 software, and statistical techniques such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and chi square.Results: There is significant difference (p<0.01) between the attitudes of young and middle aged population concerning the necessity of observing the Islamic Hijab by women, the degree of familiarity with the conditions of proper Islamic dressing, the best kind of Islamic dressing for women and restricting role of veil (or Chador) in performing their activities. Conclusion: Paying more attention to Islamic genuine culture and investment in cultural activities and giving real identity to Muslim women personality in order to understand and accept Islamic values and its proper transfer to the next generation is necessary.

Introduction Middle age is one of the periods or stages of life that has been less discussed in psychological research. However, middle age is said to be a period of life from the age of 45 to 64. One of the most important issues in the middle age period is the midlife crisis. The midlife crisis is an emotional state of doubt and anxiety in which a person becomes uneasy because the person understands that half of his or her life has passed. This usually includes reflections of the way a person has lived so far, and it is usually accompanied by a feeling that his life has not been adequately organized and has not achieved significant results. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the midlife crisis among a sample of middle-aged people in Tehran. Method The present study was conducted to identify the midlife crisis among a sample of middle-years in Tehran. In this research, qualitative methodology and grounded theory method have been conducted to study the midlife crisis. Participants in this study included all middle-aged people in Tehran. In this study, purposeful and theoretical sampling method was used to select participants and data were collected by using semi-structured interviews. Participants included 9 men with jobs such as (a pilot, a teacher, a freelance job, a taxi driver, a clergyman, an unemployed person, 3 employees) and 8 women with jobs such as (a teacher, a doctor, two employees, a housekeeper, a seller, two tailors). Therefore, the sample size was 17 middle-aged people based on theoretical saturation. The duration of each interview was about 30 to 45 minutes. To analyze the research data, Open, axial and selective coding was used. The first step is open coding, which means that a label is given to the interview text. To achieve this, the first interview was conducted and the concepts of the interview was labeled. After labeling or open-coding several interviews, the categories were prepared for axial coding. At this point, almost all the categories were identified. To achieve reliability criteria, three conventional techniques were used: 1-Control or validation by members,participants were asked to evaluate the overall findings and comment on its accuracy 2-Analytical comparison,to compare and evaluate the structure of the theory with the data, the raw data are conducted 3-the use of audit techniques,several experts in this field, supervise the different stages of coding, conceptualization and extraction of categories. Results Eventually, after three coding stages, 25 main categories in the field of midlife crisis were identified according to the research model. The findings showed that the central orientation of the midlife crisis is the subject-oriented crises which means that middle-aged people may be in crisis according to different subjects. If their lives are not accompanied by achievements, they walk into crisis. At the time of facing crises, Middle-aged people had chosen active strategies. Trying to compensate for failures, feeling responsible regarding to other people, reducing or deepening relationships, trying to maintain physical appearance are among their most important strategies for facing midlife crises. Discussion The findings showed that the main issue of the midlife crisis is midlife subject-oriented crises, meaning that middle-aged people may be in crisis due to various problems. If the expectations are not achieved, they will be in crisis. Middle-aged people chose active strategies in the face of crises. Trying to compensate for failures, feeling responsible regarding to other people, reducing or deepening relationships, trying to maintain physical appearance are among their most important strategies for facing midlife crises.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death throughout the world. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity, central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, as well as dietary factors contributing to the development of dyslipidemia among middle-aged women.Methods: The research design of the present study was a population-based cross-sectional study; anthropometric measures and blood chemistry were obtained. Physical activity was measured using the original International Physical Activity Questionnaires Long Form while food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used in assessing individual’s habitual intake. Overall, 809 women, 30-50 years of age from fourteen active urban Primary Healthcare Centers (PHC) in Babol City, northern Iran, were obtained from 1, 905 households across operational areas of 14 PHC using systematic random sampling method.Results: The prevalence rates of women classified as overweight/obese, with central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 82.8%, 75.5%, 14.6% and 63.4%, respectively. Total physical activity did not correlate with cholesterol ratio. Soybean protein was inversely associated with cholesterol ratio (rho=-0.18, P£0.001). The adjusted OR for dyslipidemia in women with moderate protein intake was significantly higher than in women with high and low intake (OR=2.31; 95% CI=1.61, 3.30). No significant associations were found between dyslipidemia and carbohydrate, fat intake or physical activity.Conclusion: This study showed very high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian middle-aged women. A more detailed study is suggested to develop definitively recommendations for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease for the Iranian population.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: To investigate the relationship between different dietary patterns and the levels of bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and aged people, and to provide references for the nutritional prevention of osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 476 residents aged 45 yr or more in Qiqihar City were enrolled from Aug 2018 to Feb 2019. They took a Food Frequency Questionnaire for dietary survey. Their dietary patterns were analyzed using the factor analysis method, and BMD were detected using ultrasound bone densitometer, to explore the relationship between different dietary patterns and BMD levels. Results: Four dietary patterns were obtained in the survey: relatively balanced, oil-salt, milk-tuber, and aquatic. Among them, the prevalence of osteoporosis reached 21. 8%. High-level relatively balanced dietary pattern (OR=0. 588, 95%CI= 0. 363-0. 951) and high-level dairy-potato food dietary pattern (OR=0. 668, 95%CI= 0. 3700. 983) were associated with lower risk of osteoporosis. Conclusion: A balanced diet and a high intake of dairy-potato food dietary pattern were associated with a lower prevalence of osteoporosis. It is recommended that middle-aged and aged people should have a balanced diet with more dairy products and potatoes to protect bone health.